Besides the above, see especially Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley, CA, 1990); Katharine H. S. Moon, Sex among Allies: Military Prostitution in U.S.Korea Relations (New York, 1997); McCaffrey, Military Power and Popular Protest ; Maria Hhn, GIs and Frauleins: The German-American Encounter in 1950s West Germany (Chapel Hill, NC, 2002); Ji-Yeon Yuh, Beyond the Shadow of Camptown: Korean Military Brides in America (New York, 2002); Petra Goedde, GIs and Germans: Culture, Gender, and Foreign Relations, 19451959 (New Haven, CT, 2003); Mark L. Gillem, America Town: Building the Outposts of Empire (Minneapolis, MN, 2007); Masumichi S. Inoue, Okinawa and the U.S. Military: Identity Making in the Age of Globalization (New York, 2007); Harvey Neptune, Caliban and the Yankees: Trinidad and the United States Occupation (Chapel Hill, NC, 2007); Steven High, Base Colonies in the Western Hemisphere, 19401967 (New York, 2009); Lipman, Guantnamo ; Lutz, ed., The Bases of Empire ; David Vine, Island of Shame: The Secret History of the U.S Military Base on Diego Garcia (Princeton, NJ, 2009); Maria Hhn and Seungsook Moon, eds., Over There: Living with the U.S. Military Empire from World War Two to the Present (Durham, NC, 2010); Amy Austin Holmes, Social Unrest and American Military Bases in Turkey and Germany since 1945 (Cambridge, 2014); Sasha Davis, The Empires Edge: Militarization, Resistance, and Transcending Hegemony in the Pacific (Athens, GA, 2015); and Vine, Base Nation . xTnI}nw(qA0!`%vl@$;;cTT\\^>HBJJI^IFBUv;_A?HP//4 p"1 Albizus long career defies easy summary. 40. Perhaps not coincidentally, this was precisely the time when the Wisconsin School developed its understanding of U.S. empire as an informal undertaking. They had even more people in the past. At lower right: Atlantic Souvenir for 1829. A key enabling move made by Williams and the Wisconsin School that continued his ideas was to refuse to limit discussion of empire to a discussion of colonies. That was undoubtedly less than lived in the world-straddling British Empire, where there were roughly ten colonial subjects for every inhabitant of the British Isles. The most thorough discussion of anti-basing protests and their effects on the World War II basing network is Rebecca Herman Weber, In Defense of Sovereignty: Labor, Crime, Sex and Nation at U.S. Military Bases in Latin America, 19401947 (Ph.D. * I am grateful to Alvita Akiboh, Michael Allen, Daniel Bessner, Brooke Blower, Michael Falcone, John Immerwahr, Julia Irwin, Aaron OConnell, Andrew Preston, Daniel Sargent, and the Huntington Library Long-Term Fellows Working Group for their thoughts on this essay and to Christopher Capozzola for introducing me to the term Greater United States.. 10511898, section 2, Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueos, Hunter College, CUNY. But moving it into the non-state column changes little. The aim was to protect the lives of U.S. soldiers, but the cost was borne by Filipinos, large numbers of whom were killed in the crossfire. A different but compatible accounting is offered in David Vine, Base Nation: How U.S. Military Bases Abroad Harm America and the World (New York, 2015). See also Christina Duffy Burnett, The Edges of Empire and the Limits of Sovereignty: American Guano Islands, American Quarterly 57 (2005): 779803 and Gregory T. Cushman, Guano and the Opening of the Pacific World: A Global Ecological History (Cambridge, 2013). Purchase from Mexico following military victory; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims. Please see attached document for assignments needed. If that is anywhere close to correct, that makes World War II in the Philippines the most violent event ever to take place on U.S. soil, bloodier by far than the Civil War. WhatsApp Chat is free, download and try it now here! (Lincoln, NE, 1984), esp. On December 29, 1845, Texas became the 28th state. <>>> I am here counting Washington, D.C., among the states, even though it is a district, not a state, and lacks the full rights that states have. It was entitled Greater United States. 19. ed. Those examples are merely suggestive. August R. Ohmans 1904 pocket map, highlighting the expansion of the United States, feautures a world map, top inset. The Historical Office of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) dates to 1949. of the United States UNITED STATES 1898 1895 Ishorten L GUATEMAL CARAGUA Guam PANTALLA SOUTH AMERICA N Canal Annexation is an unilateral act where territory is seized and held by one state, is distinct from conquest and differs from cession, in which territory is given or sold through treaty. U.S. Counting Negroes on the mainland, American Samoa, Hawai'i, U.S. Virgin Islands, and Alaska; nonwhites in Puerto Rico; Negro and Negro-mixed in the Panama Canal Zone; and no one in the Philippines and Guam (for which racial breakdowns were not incorporated into the U.S. census) places U.S. blacks at 8.85% of the population. The 18981899 annexations showed U.S. thinkers their country from a new perspective. By 1791, when all of the Atlantic states except Georgia had given up their pretentions that their borders stretched to the western edge of the country, the states covered only slightly more than half (55%) of the United States. "Copyright by the National Publishing Company, Boston, Mass." Who was Gregorio Cortez and what happened to him. Andrene Everson (New York, 2007), 131. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Oregon Territory. ]d*d>&Pd,QMG{\T-8FFSI>rK}bbSh]Z")aqvTI*FI}jO~>(-lL%cd&ct2Pd{>t: 91 R5(LtT+3l1YZzDzL>X2LkR:&.iz>,!9)9s6G&f!))wGc/=-UHwkAx#qhO 2 0 obj 46, The War on Terror has drawn our attention to how crucial small overseas sites can be to the projection of power. Overseas empire usually appears in textbooks as an episodea single chapter, set in 1898rather than as an enduring feature. 47. Bicknell, E. (1904) The territorial acquisitions of the United States, -1904, an historical review. Congress officially annexed Alaska in 1884 America Acquires Alaska U. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, rev. The country had claimed scattered military bases before, but in 1945, the United States possessed some 30,000 military installations on 2,000 base sites. Imperialism, 19151940 (Chapel Hill, NC, 2001); Laura Briggs, Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. Sectionalism map of the united states; Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. Many of the most important books have been edited collections: Amy Kaplan and Donald Pease, eds., Cultures of United States Imperialism (Durham, NC, 1993); Frances Negrn-Muntaner and Ramn Grosfoguel, eds., Puerto Rico Jam: Rethinking Colonialism and Nationalism (Minneapolis, MN, 1997); Julian Go and Anne L. Foster, eds., The American Colonial State in the Philippines: Global Perspectives (Durham, NC, 2003); Catherine Lutz, ed., The Bases of Empire: The Global Struggle against U.S. Military Posts (New York, 2009); Alfred W. McCoy and Francisco A. Scarano, eds., Colonial Crucible: Empire in the Making of the Modern American State (Madison, WI, 2009); and Alyosha Goldstein, ed., Formations of United States Colonialism (Durham, NC, 2014). 1848. 1 0 obj Speech of Hon. The historical literature on bases is growing quickly, with an especially tight focus on the tense relationships between bases and their surrounding areas. (To annex is to join a new territory to an existing country.) Historians have rightly come to understand such sovereignty challenges as important components of U.S. history rather than as foreign episodes that lie outside the purview of the United States. endobj Acquisition: An acquisition is a corporate action in which a company buys most, if not all, of another firm's ownership stakes to assume control of it. Yet, the U.S. census often administered different questionnaires to the colonies than to the mainland, questionnaires with incommensurable racial categories. In other words, if you looked up in late 1945 and saw the stars and stripes waving overhead, it was more likely that you lived in a colony or occupied country than that you lived on the mainland. The map is color-coded to show the territory of the original United States and the Northwest Territory (1783), the Louisiana Purchase (1803), the area acquired from Britain in 1818 west of the Lake of the Woods, Florida in 1819, the annexation of Texas in 1845, the . On points in the postWorld War II landscape, I have been greatly influenced by William Rankin, After the Map: Cartography, Navigation, and the Transformation of Territory in the Twentieth Century (Chicago, IL, 2016). 5 In my home city of Chicago, there is a public high school named after him (with an adjoining family learning center for teen parents named after Lolita Lebrn, the chief shooter in the 1954 House shootings). United States territorial acquisitions table, Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 08:11, Territorial evolution of the United States, Learn how and when to remove this template message, territorial acquisitions of the United States, "Milestones: 18011829 Office of the Historian", "Milestones: 18301860 Office of the Historian", "Milestones: 18661898 Office of the Historian", "Territorial Acquisitions of the United States", "Why the United States Controls Guantanamo Bay", http://www.waterislandhistory.com/militaryhistory.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_territorial_acquisitions_table&oldid=1140692169, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 08:11. Available also Peabody, M. M. (Moody Morse) - Peabody, M. M. Wall map. Headings - United States--History - United States--Foreign relations - United States--Colonial question - United States--Territorial expansion Notes Daniel Immerwahr, The Greater United States: Territory and Empire in U.S. History , Diplomatic History, Volume 40, Issue 3, June 2016, Pages 373391, https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhw009, March 1954 is a month diplomatic historians know well. Micronesia, United Nations Trust Territory; 1979 self-governing; 1986 On the same day that the Japanese struck Hawaii, they also attacked the Philippines, Guam, Wake Island, Midway Island, and Howland Island, plus the British territories of Malaya and Hong Kong and the independent kingdom of Thailand. For too long, historians, like cartographers, have accepted the logic of the Insular Cases . America Acquires Alaska Secretary of State William Seward arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia Showed U. S. Imperialism Also made it clear to the rest of the world that the U. S. was becoming a world power. uninhabited; National Wildlife Refuge, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1986 became a Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as I calculated 135,341,000 persons in the colonies and occupation zones and 132,481,000 in the continental United States. Yet Williamss school regarded 1898 as symptomatic rather than substantive: the small and visible tip of a much larger imperial iceberg. Because my calculation does not include states that were never territories, it excludes (1) the original thirteen states, (2) states that were carved out of existing states (KY, ME, WV), and (3) independent republics that were admitted as states (TX, VT). But California was the extreme. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an historical review, - 3 Albizu founded Puerto Ricos Army of Liberation in the 1930s. 29, September 1, 1949, 3; American Samoa (16): American Samoa Statistical Digest (Pago Pago: 1994), 17; Guam and Micronesia (35 together): Hal Friedman, Creating an American Lake: United States Imperialism and Strategic Security in the Pacific Basin, 194547 (Westport, CT, 2001), 122; U.S. The history of American expansion and the story of our new possessions. Paul Kramer, in his portrait of the United States as a nation-based empire, presents a significantly modified version of the Williams thesis that is skeptical of the clean formal/informal distinction: Power and Connection: Imperial Histories of the United States in the World, American Historical Review 116, no. independent as Kiribati 9. I have an assignment, and please dont copy any words and no plagiarism please. ;?={9+;5[?|XI'UX7ZJA'%N7:B5nbuYq"Q13JLhd Insular Affairs of the Department of the Interior, Annexed in settlement with Britain and Germany; The country claimed 94 such islands, nearly all in the Caribbean and Pacific, by 1903. 16 The term United States of America has ceased to be an accurate description of the countries over which the Stars and Stripes float, the author of one argued. The matter of the date, December 7, 1941, emblazoned into national memory by Franklin Delano Roosevelts Day of Infamy speech, is somewhat misleading on this score. Six thousand American troops participated in the British occupation of Havana in 1762-3, but the island was exchanged for Florida at the peace treaty of 1763. 12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j World Atlas. Available also through the Library of Congress Web site as a raster image. By then, it had reclaimed its Pacific colonies from Japan. 1856; under the jurisdiction of the U.S. 11 Nearly thirteen percent of its populace lived in its overseas colonies. The New York Puerto Rican Day Parade last summer was also dedicated to Pedro Albizu Campos. It was, in the Pacific, a war over colonies. Nevertheless, the broad point that the continental and extra-continental populations were roughly equal holds under any reasonable accounting. Search for other works by this author on: The Author 2016. Pdf. Perpetual Foreigners: Chinese Americans and the U.S. For a comparable historiographical concept, see Gary Wilders notion of Greater France in The Imperial Nation-State: Negritude and Colonialism Humanism between the Two World Wars (Chicago, IL, 2005). United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904. It included an extended period of martial law in Hawaii. following military victory; independent in 1946, Annexed following military victory over Spain, Annexed in settlement with Britain assumed claims, Purchased from Spain for $5 million in assumed claims 5 (2011): 134891. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an historical review, Names Bicknell, Edward. 42. independent as Republic of the Marshall only own words please, Creating A Proforma Statement endobj Purchased from Mexico for $10 million. Books appeared with intriguing titles: The Greater Republic (1899), The Greater United States (1904), and seven books whose titles contained the phrase Greater America published in the decade following the 1898 war. for $15 million, including assumed claims, Purchased from Spain Relief shown by hachures. If you have any questions please let me know.! 529,189. Pdf. Nevertheless, 8.85% is probably slightly high because, although it does not count black Filipinos and Guamanians (presumably very low numbers in 1940), it classes all non-white Puerto Ricans as black, whereas many were non-black. 9; Lauren B. Hirshbergs dissertation about Kwajalein island and neighboring Ebeye, Targeting Kwajalein: U.S. <> Palins husband, an Alaska Native, was for years a registered member of the Alaska Independence Party. Also available in digital form. 28. 29 Its remarkable, in fact, how many key figures in U.S. history sojourned in the overseas territories. Revolutionary War, Purchased from France for $15 million, including The Oregon Treaty with Great Britain. United States--History, - 10 It is true that many of the currentinsular possessions of the United States are extraordinarily small (Wake Island: population 150; Swains Island: population 17). It wound up its occupations, sometimes much faster than it might have (in 1943, Roosevelt suggested that the occupation of Korea should last forty years; it lasted three). As a result of the United States' multiple acquisitionsincluding Hawaii and the Philippinesduring the late 1800s, the period is referred to by some as the nation's age of U.S. _____. Includes Sandwich Islands inset, world map inset, statistical tables, notes, and ill. (Oxford, 1989). To this day, the drawer in the mahogany table used by the Republican leadership to address the House has a jagged hole in it. The Jackson administration proposed carving out a large portion of Indian Territory for eventual admission to the union as an all-Indian state. These were, it is important to state, not novelty maps. Id like to propose a different unit of analysis, one that counts all of the land over which the United States claims sovereignty as part of the country, and as part of its history. under Adams-Ons Treaty, Purchase from Mexico following American-Mexican War; Anthony Rawlings (New York, 1971); Benjamn Torres, Marisa Rosado and Jos Manuel Torres Santiago, eds., Imagen de Pedro Albizu Campos (San Juan, 1973); Rosado, Pedro Albizu Campos ; Laura Meneses de Albizu Campos, Albizu Campos y la Independencia de Puerto Rico (San Juan, 2007); and Nelson A. Denis, War against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in Americas Colony (New York, 2015). Purchase from Mexico following American-Mexican War; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims. In 1898, the rush of imperial expansion encouraged a new understanding of the United States as the Greater United States. 3 (1933): 44874. After thousands of whites poured into the territory, many in breach of federal law, it was eventually admitted as a white-majority state in 1907. W.B. The more states followed Virginias lead, the larger the non-state territory grew. Each franchise was licensed to operate within a . ch. 15. Following are the historical territorial acquisitions of the United States : For information on internal territorial acquisitions, see List of U.S.-Native American treaties . On U.S. military calculations in the reconquest of the Philippines, see Richard Connaughton, John Pimlott, and Duncan Anderson, The Battle for Manila (London, 1995). 1845. Shattuc, W. B. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, -1904, an historical review. First attempt to open the Mississippi LC Civil War maps (2nd ed. Dean Kohlhoff, When the Wind Was a River: Aleut Evacuation in World War II (Seattle, WA, 1995) and Jennifer Sepez, Christina Package, Patricia E. Malcolm, and Amanda Poole, Unalaska, Alaska: Memory and Denial in the Globalization of the Aleutian Landscape, Polar Geography 30 (2007): 193209. For a sustained engagement by a Wisconsin-School historian with formal imperialism, see Walter LaFeber, The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective , rev. Fifteen years before his famous address to the American Historical Association, the Epic of Greater America, Bolton published a series of classroom maps and an atlas with Albert Bushnell Hart. Annexation, in international law, is the forcible acquisition of one state's territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory. But things are changing quickly. On the Insular Cases and the legal questions of empire see especially Christina Duffy Burnett and Marshall Burke, eds., Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, American Expansion, and the Constitution (Durham, NC, 2001); Christina Duffy Burnett, Untied States: American Expansion and Territorial Deannexation, University of Chicago Law Review 72 (2005): 797879; Bartholomew H. Sparrow, The Insular Cases and the Emergence of American Empire (Lawrence, KS, 2006); Kal Raustiala, Does the Constitution Follow the Flag? Why has this figure, who seems so immediately fascinating, not part of mainstream U.S. historiography? Certainly, in terms of size, current overseas holdings dont add up to muchall U.S. overseas territory today, including military bases, comprises an area smaller than Connecticut. Why were so many new possessions located in the Pacific Ocean? Albert Bushnell Hart and Herbert E. Bolton, Hart-Bolton History Maps (Chicago, IL, 1917), map A24. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. conduct an article review of this chapter, using the format below: Not yet. Empire, Militarization, and Suburbanization and the Marshall Islands, 19441986 (Ph.D. Despite a great deal of research that has been donewithin American Studies departments, within history departmentscolonized people and overseas territories still rarely feature in broad narratives about the United States. 21. This was not just a war to defend the sovereignty of countries in Europe and Asia. In 1950, Albizu orchestrated a coordinated uprising throughout Puerto Rico, a rebellion so serious that the Puerto Rican National Guard used planes to suppress it, strafing the towns of Jajuya and Utuado from the sky. . In 1947, the Mariana Islands, Caroline Islands, and Marshall Islands became the most recent U.S. territorial acquisitions, as of August 2021. 45 But what we are learning is how important those small specks nevertheless are, as they act as staging grounds for precisely the kind of economic, military, and cultural interventions that the Wisconsin School emphasized. 34 Manila, the sixth-largest city in the United States (substantially larger than Boston or Washington, D.C.), was decimated. 1848. % But that assumption is becoming increasingly hard to hold. Map of A map of the United States showing the growth of the nation from 1783 to1853. That list includes some of the most written-about figures in U.S. history: John Pershing, George C. Marshall, Douglas MacArthur, and Dwight Eisenhower. 38, Yet from its territorial apex, the United States did something unprecedented. The highest office in the U.S. Army is chief of staff, established in 1903. The most thorough account of Hawaiian martial law is Harry N. Scheiber and Jane L. Scheiber, Bayonets in Paradise: A Half-Century Retrospect on Martial Law in Hawaii, 19411946, University of Hawaii Law Review 19 (1997): 477648. Histories of the United States are, by and large, histories of the logo map. Discovery Channel Program Exercise in Support and Credibility, Minimum 500 Word Article Review Article Is Provided This is a United States territorial acquisitions and conquests list, . commonwealth status as Federated States of Zone in Austria (2,650): John D. Hilldring, American Policy in Occupied Areas (Washington, DC: 1947), 24; U.S. They are maintained, not through informal influence, but through legal agreements, formal incursions onto the sovereignty of host nations. 23 In the past decade, Diplomatic History has dramatically increased its publishing on the Philippines, with an article every two or three years. Like United Kingdom, it applies merely to the central and dominating body, the seat of empire; and Greater America comprises almost as wide a range of governments as Greater Britain itself. 17. Mexican Cession. Consider Williamss Empire as a Way of Life , a 226-page survey of U.S. imperial ambitions that engages in no substantive discussion of any overseas territory. It also shows the Philippines, Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, Wake Island, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and the Panama Canal Zone in boxes. Now lets look at Entrepreneurial Leadership 5. Frank Ninkovich offers an overview of the historiography in The United States and Imperialism, in Robert D. Schulzinger, ed., A Companion to American Foreign Relations (Malden, MA, 2003), 79102. This was not a freak event. 38. We can see, better than we could before, how the territorial extensions of the United States matter today, and how they have mattered in the past. 39. U.S. overseas territories listed by the 1940 census. United States--Territorial expansion. Profile of the Erie Canal, notes, and illustration in lower margin. DOCUMENT 2 United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904DOCUMENT 2 United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 18571904 0 1000 ASIA 1847 1898 1898 '899 thitedStatespssessims (withdate acqus&n) ofinnuee theUnitedStates STATESMidwayis.1867 WakeL 1899 189 1858 1898 How4andt. 11 and 29; and William E. Unrau, The Rise and Fall of Indian Country, 18251855 (Lawrence, KS, 2007). The Greater United States (1904), . for $25 million; currently an organized, unincorporated U.S. territory under jurisdiction of Office of Insular Affairs of the Dept. As one of the justices summarized the logic, the Constitution was the supreme law of the land, but the territories were not part of the land. 20, The result of all thisthe erasure of the colonies from the map, the references to the Greater United States growing scarce, the Courts expulsion of the territories from the landwas the reassertion of an understanding of the United States as a nation-state. o :E>vYs~;+&`]J(g(Ql)u Y!+wZ41Y@5 V5Q Z J&j8jkuJ?uFbccuc(d01 Ey?G78%@E^5p;MlCjRM1 a#j@#(#$5|IW:;&,-~P0m. The reason has not just to do with our conception of empire. Copyright: H.C. Robertson. 1846. One might rightly ask whether, in accepting the category of the Greater United States, historians would be implicitly endorsing or naturalizing the United States empire. 42, More to the point, even as the United States was partially divesting from colonies, it was consolidating its investments in a new form of territory: military bases. The Senate approved the treaty of purchase on April 9; President Andrew Johnson signed the treaty on May 28, and Alaska was formally transferred to the United States on October 18, 1867. Supporters of expansion denied that the United States sought to annex foreign lands. . Alaska 1867 secretary of state William Seward buys this from Russia for 7.2 billion in gold-- called Sewards Folley Hawaii 1898 important coaling station and source of sugar, the McKinley tariff states that we have to pay tariff for sugar, so we overthrow the queen. William Appleman Williams, Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980). But those familiar borders only held for four years. For a larger overview of the Philippines during the war, the places to start are Teodoro A. Agoncillo, The Fateful Years: Japans Adventure in the Philippines (Quezon City, 1965), 2 vols., and Richard Trota Jose, ed., World War II and the Japanese Occupation (Quezon City, 2006). Please read and follow the lab r, Internet Research Of 6 Ids And 6 Vulnerability Management And Assessment Tools 1 United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence Soo Sung Cho, Korea in World Politics, 19401950: An Evaluation of American Responsibility (Berkeley, CA, 1967), 23, 34. On March 1, 1784, just 47 days after the Treaty of Paris granting the United States independence was ratified, Virginia ceded its claims over the area north of the Ohio River to the federal government. 36. It has proved to be such an enduring category of analysis because of its capaciousness. But I do not think that is reason for U.S. historians to exclude the territories from their analyses and stick to the mainland. Treaty of Paris of 1783 following American If this comes as news to you, youre in good company. The United States of America : including all its newly acquired territory. A helpful overview of the significance of the colonies for the mainland is Alfred W. McCoy, Francisco A. Scarano, and Courtney Johnson, On the Tropic of Cancer: Transitions and Transformations in the U.S. Imperial State, in McCoy and Scarano, Colonial Crucible , 333. 19. Discussion Board 5 12 The problem is not, I hasten to add, a lack of available information. ), 32 Sherman's march to the sea LC Civil War maps (2nd R. O. Evans and Company - Robertson, H. C. National expansion under the Constitution; or, Despotic power versus delegated authority. Get Your Custom Essay on, United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence David Rumsey Map Collection. ",#(7),01444'9=82. A helpful account of the Wisconsin School is Morgans Into New Territory . (New York, 2006), 179. Between 1857 and 1903, the United States acquired many new territorial possessions around the globe. With time, Indian Territory was whittled down to Oklahoma.